Losing weight is hard.
Like, really, really, really hard.
The overwhelming majorities of people who try to do it don’t succeed or end up
gaining
back what they lose, sometimes more.
And that’s not just because pizza is amazing.
It turns out your body actually pushes back when you attempt to slim down.
I am Elighton, today we will read about
the fat stored in your adipose tissue is a super energy-rich substance that
your body
can use in a pinch to fuel your cells.
If you can’t eat for whatever reason, or need a little extra
energy to grow or reproduce,
your body can turn to your fat which is why. From a survival perspective,
having some
fat is actually a good thing!
Still, you’d think that losing weight would be pretty straightforward: just eat
less than
you need, force your body use up some of its fat, then go back to eating a normal
amount
when you’re the size you want to be.
But the body doesn’t want to lose its energy buffer no matter how large or
small it
is.
So when you cut
calories, it reacts in ways that ultimately make it harder to
lose weight.
A lot of the push back is driven by changes to hormones.
One of the most important is leptin, a hormone secreted by your fat cells.
The larger your fat cells are, the more leptin they produce.
So when you lose weight, leptin levels drop.
Parts of your brain like your hypothalamus interpret less leptin as starvation,
and it
jumps in and starts telling your body to conserve energy and to eat more to
rebuild those reserves.
Other organs also use hormones to complain to your brain
about the decrease in fuel intake.
Your stomach tells your brain it’s not getting filled by increasing levels of
the hormone
ghrelin.
At the same time, your pancreas secretes less insulin, which regulates blood
sugar, and
amylin, which signals fullness.
So when you cut calories, ghrelin levels raise and insulin and amyl in levels
plummet, signaling your brain to increase appetite, making you feel ravenous.
In addition to changing how hungry you feel, a suite of studies have suggested
your brain
responds to these hormonal changes by making you more aware of all the food
you’re not
eating, and upping the pleasure you feel if you do cave in.
Meanwhile, the rest of your body becomes more energy-efficient.
For example, your muscles change where they get their fuel.
When your muscles need energy, they generally use a mix of stored fat and circulating
glucose.
But when you’re on a calorie-restricted diet, they rely more heavily on
glucose, so
they end up pulling more energy from the foods you eat instead of those fat
stores you’re
trying to lose
.
They also make other small changes to become more efficient and so do other
tissue sin
your body.
Here’s the really annoying thing: this hormonal starvation signal doesn’t stop
when you
stop dieting.
That makes sense for leptin, since it’s based on the amount of fat you have.
But other hormones which generally respond to food intake can stay on that
slower production
cycle even when you return to normal eating.
And these hormones can stay altered for years.
So even when you’ve stopped restricting calories, your body continues to act
like
it’s being starved — which is a big part of why people who lose weight often
gain it
back.
To make matters worse, even regaining the weight doesn’t shift your body out of
energy-efficient
mode.
In general, the smaller you are, the less energy you need to fuel everything.
But it’s not a simple, linear relationship.
How much energy you use per kilo at any given body weight varies depending on
whether you’ve
ever been heavier or skinnier.
And this effect could be clearly seen in a 2016 study which followed
contestants from
a televised weight loss competition for six years.
In particular, the researchers looked at the participants’ resting metabolic
rates: the
calories their bodies burned at rest.
It’s basically a measure of the minimum amount of energy needed to keep a
person’s
cells running. After the 30 week contest, the 14 participants lost an average
of about 58 kilograms, and
their resting metabolic rates dropped by about 610 calories per day.
In the years that followed, though, they gained back an
average of 41 kilos, and their metabolic
rates didn’t go back up accordingly.
They ended up burning 500 calories a day less than they should have at their
final weights.
Which means to lose weight in the future, they’d have to restrict themselves
even
more than they did the first time around.
Lots of other studies have come to similar conclusions.
After people lose weight, even if they gain it back, their bodies simply use
fewer calories
per kilogram than similarly sized people whose weight hasn’t changed.
And that means they have to eat less to stay at that weight than people who
were never
heavier, and they gain weight faster if they do over eat.
It’s not yet clears just how long all these anti-weight-loss changes last — or
if they
ever completely go away.
But not everyone experiences the same degree of resistance from their bodies.
Scientists are still trying to figure out how our person’s genetics, the foods
they
eat, and other factors affect how a person responds to dieting.
But given how fiercely the body can fight slimming down, it’s no wonder so many
people
struggle with it.
Thanks for reading
Elighton
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